From 1990 to 2008 CO2 emissions in developed countries have stabilized, but emissions in developing countries have doubled. The study finds that emissions from the production of traded goods and services have increased by (26%). Most developed countries have increased their consumption-based emissions. The net emission transfers via international trade from developing to developed countries exceeds the Kyoto Protocol emission reductions. Results indicate that international trade is a significant factor in explaining the change in emissions in many countries, from both a production and consumption perspective.

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